System and method for detecting smoke using a photoelectric sensor

ABSTRACT

A system and method for detecting smoke using a photoelectric sensor is disclosed herein. The smoke detector can comprise a photoelectric smoke detection system, a smoke detector memory, and a microprocessor. The photoelectric smoke detection system can comprise a low-frequency light source, a high-frequency light source, and a light sensor. The smoke detector memory can comprise a smoke detector application, a plurality of low-frequency smoke signatures, and a plurality of high-frequency smoke signatures. Each of the low-frequency smoke signatures can relate to how a low-frequency light interacts with one of a plurality of particulates. Each of the high-frequency smoke signatures can relate to how a high-frequency light interacts with one of the plurality of particulates. Each of the particulates can be indicative or non-indicative of a fire.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates to a system and method for effecting smokedetector data transmission from a smoke detector. This disclosurefurther relates to an improved system for effecting smoke detector datausing an emergency personnel router. This disclosure further relates toa system and method for detecting smoke using a photoelectric sensor.This disclosure further relates to an improved system and method forreducing false-positives by a smoke detector, using a photoelectricsensor and an ionization sensor. This disclosure further relates to animproved smoke detection enclosure for recessed installment. Forpurposes of this disclosure, many embodiments are discussed, and are anexample of the above-mentioned systems and methods. However, suchdiscussions are solely exemplary and not limiting.

Smoke detectors have been in homes for many years. Recently, as homedevices have become smart, so too have smoke detectors. Today homes havetraditional smoke detectors using ionization detectors, and smartsystems also using ionization detectors and connecting to home routers.However, problems still exist both with traditional and smart smokedetectors have particular problems.

First, for a smart detector to send warning of a fire beyond its audiblerange, it requires a network connection, typically through a wirelessrouter. However, if the smoke detector is far from the router, it maynot be able to connect. Some smart devices have a wired connection.However, wired connections often times can be destroyed before the smokedetector detects the fire if the fire begins in the walls or a room awayfrom the smoke detector.

Second, information in a network passes through the router (and modem)to the Internet. If a fire destroys the router and/or modem if separate,a smart smoke alarm will be orphaned with no way to get potentiallyvital information out.

Third, smoke detectors using ionization technology have unique problems.They are poor at determining innocuous smoke such as smoke cooking ahamburger on the stove, from a sofa cushion on fire. Also, they are notparticularly sensitive, needing a lot of smoke to break the ionizationpath. Environmentally, there are significant problems with smokedetectors using ionization sensors. First, each has low levelradioactive waste with a four-hundred-year half-life, causing disposalproblem. Further, it can't be made in the United States. Presently, mostor all ionization sensors for smoke detectors come from China. Further,smoke detectors making use of ionization sensors only use a threshold indetermining whether an alarm should sound, not making user of otherimportant temporal information.

As such it would be useful to have an improved system and method foreffecting smoke detector data transmission from a smoke detector by thesmoke detector. Additionally, it would be advantageous to have animproved system for effecting smoke detector data using an emergencypersonnel router. It would further be advantageous to have an improvedsystem and method for reducing false-positives by a smoke detector usinga photoelectric sensor and an ionization sensor. Lastly, it would beadvantageous to have an improved smoke detection enclosure for recessedinstallment.

SUMMARY

A system and method for effecting smoke detector data transmission froma smoke detector is described herein. The smoke detector can comprise asmoke detection system, a smoke detector memory, and a microprocessor.The smoke detector memory can comprise a smoke detector application. Themicroprocessor can, according to instructions from the smoke detectorapplication operate as a node in a mesh network of a local area networkby receiving network data and sending the network data across the localarea network. Moreover, according to the instructions from the smokedetector application, the microprocessor can receive smoke alarm datafrom the smoke detection system, and interrupt sending the network dataacross the local area network. Additionally, according to theinstructions from the smoke detector application, the microprocessor cansend the smoke alarm data and resume sending the network data to theother nodes in the mesh network only after the smoke alarm data iscompletely sent.

In another embodiment, the smoke detector can comprise a smoke detectionsystem, a smoke detector memory, and a microprocessor. The smokedetector memory can comprise a smoke detector application. Themicroprocessor can, according to instructions from the smoke detectorapplication operate as a node in a mesh network of a local area networkby receiving network data and sending the network data across the localarea network. Moreover, according to the instructions from the smokedetector application, the microprocessor can receive, while operating asthe node, smoke alarm data from a second smoke detector, and other datawithin the network data. The second smoke detector having transmittedthe smoke alarm data over the mesh network. Additionally, according tothe instructions from the smoke detector application, the microprocessorcan halt sending other data upon receiving the smoke alarm data, cansend the smoke alarm data, and can resume sending the other network dataonly after the smoke alarm data is completely sent.

In another embodiment, a method for effecting smoke detector datatransmission from a smoke detector is described herein. The method oftransmitting smoke detector data can comprise the steps of operating thesmoke detector as a node in a mesh network of a local area network. Thesmoke detector can receive network data and send the network data acrossthe local area network. The method can also comprise the steps ofreceiving the smoke alarm data from a smoke detection system within thesmoke detector, interrupting sending the network data across the localarea network, sending the smoke alarm data, and resuming sending thenetwork data to the other nodes in the mesh network only after the smokealarm data is completely sent.

In another embodiment, a method for effecting smoke detector datatransmission from a smoke detector is described herein. The method oftransmitting smoke detector data can comprise the steps of operating thesmoke detector as a node in a mesh network of a local area network. Thesmoke detector can receive network data and send the network data acrossthe local area network. The method can also comprise the steps ofreceiving, while operating as the node, smoke alarm data from a secondsmoke detector, and other data within the network data. The second smokedetector having transmitted the smoke alarm data over the mesh network.The method can also comprise the steps of halting sending other dataupon receiving the smoke alarm data, sending the smoke alarm data, andresuming sending the other network data only after the smoke alarm datais completely sent.

In another embodiment an improved system for effecting smoke detectordata using an emergency personnel router is disclosed herein. A smokedetector can comprise a smoke detection system, a smoke detectionmemory, and a microprocessor. The smoke detector memory can comprise asmoke detector application, and a connection protocol for an emergencypersonnel router. The microprocessor can, according to instructions fromthe smoke detector application receive smoke alarm data, and detect awireless emergency personnel router. Moreover the microprocessor can,according to instructions from the smoke detector application connect tothe wireless emergency personnel router using the connection protocol,and send the smoke alarm data via the emergency personnel router.

In another embodiment a method for effecting smoke detector data usingan emergency personnel router is disclosed herein. The method oftransmitting a smoke detector can comprise the steps of receiving smokealarm data by the smoke detector, detecting a wireless emergencypersonnel router, and connecting the smoke detector to the wirelessemergency personnel router using a connection protocol stored in amemory of the smoke detector. Lastly, the method can comprise the stepof sending the smoke alarm data from the smoked detector to theemergency personnel router.

In another embodiment a system and method for detecting smoke using aphotoelectric sensor is disclosed herein. The smoke detector cancomprise a photoelectric smoke detection system, a smoke detectormemory, and a microprocessor. The photoelectric smoke detection systemcan comprise a low-frequency light source, a high-frequency lightsource, and a light sensor. The smoke detector memory can comprise asmoke detector application, a plurality of low-frequency smokesignatures, and a plurality of high-frequency smoke signatures. Each ofthe low-frequency smoke signatures can relate to how a low-frequencylight interacts with one of a plurality of particulates. Each of thehigh-frequency smoke signatures can relate to how a high-frequency lightinteracts with one of the plurality of particulates. Each of theparticulates can be indicative or non-indicative of a fire. Themicroprocessor can, according to instructions from the smoke detectorapplication receive light data from the light sensor, and extractlow-frequency light data and high-frequency light data from the lightdata. Moreover the microprocessor can according to instructions from thesmoke detector application compare the low-frequency light data theplurality of low-frequency smoke signatures to determine if thelow-frequency light data matches any of the plurality of low-frequencysmoke signatures, and comparing the high-frequency light data theplurality of high-frequency smoke signatures to determine if thehigh-frequency light data matches any of the plurality of high-frequencysmoke signatures. Furthermore, the microprocessor can, according toinstructions from the smoke detector application initiate an alarmsequence if the low-frequency light data matches a low-frequency smokesignature related to a fire-indicative particulate of the plurality ofparticulates. Additionally, the microprocessor can, according toinstructions from the smoke detector application initiate an alarmsequence if the high-frequency light data matches a high-frequency smokesignature related to the fire-indicative particulate.

In another embodiment a method for detecting smoke using a photoelectricsensor is disclosed herein. The method can comprise the step of storingin memory a plurality of low-frequency smoke signatures, and a pluralityof high-frequency smoke signatures. Each of the low-frequency smokesignatures can relate to how a low-frequency light interacts with one ofa plurality of particulates. Each of the high-frequency smoke signaturescan relate to how a high-frequency light interacts with one of theplurality of particulates. Each of the particulates can be indicative ornon-indicative of a fire. The method can also comprise the steps ofreceiving light data from a light sensor, extracting low-frequency lightdata and high-frequency light data from the light data, and comparingthe low-frequency light data the plurality of low-frequency smokesignatures to determine if the low-frequency light data matches any ofthe plurality of low-frequency smoke signatures. Moreover, the methodcan comprise the step of comparing the high-frequency light data theplurality of high-frequency smoke signatures to determine if thehigh-frequency light data matches any of the plurality of high-frequencysmoke signatures. Additionally, the method can comprise the step ofinitiating an alarm sequence if the low-frequency light data matches alow-frequency smoke signature related to a fire-indicative particulateof the plurality of particulates, and initiating an alarm sequence ifthe high-frequency light data matches a high-frequency smoke signaturerelated to the fire-indicative particulate.

In another embodiment an improved system and method for detecting smokeusing an ionization sensor is disclosed herein. A smoke detector cancomprise the ionization sensor, a smoke detector memory, and amicroprocessor. The ionization sensor can comprise an ionizationchamber. The smoke detector memory can comprise a smoke detectorapplication, and a plurality of ionization smoke signatures. Theplurality of ionization smoke signatures, wherein each of the ionizationsmoke signatures relates to how the ionization chamber interacts withone of a plurality of particulates. Each of the plurality ofparticulates can be indicative or non-indicative of a fire. Themicroprocessor can, according to instructions from the smoke detectorapplication receive current data from the ionization sensor, and comparethe current data with the plurality of ionization smoke signatures todetermine if the current data matches any of the plurality of ionizationsmoke signatures. Moreover the microprocessor can, according toinstructions from the smoke detector application initiate an alarmsequence based at least in part on a determination as to whether thecurrent data matches an ionization smoke signature related to afire-indicative particulate of the plurality of particulates.

In another embodiment, an improved method for detecting smoke using anionization sensor is disclosed herein. The method can comprise the stepsof storing in memory a plurality of ionization smoke signatures, whereineach of the ionization smoke signatures relates to how an ionizationchamber interacts with one of a plurality of particulates, each of theplurality of particulates indicative or non-indicative of a fire, andreceiving current data from the ionization sensor. Moreover the methodcan comprise the steps of comparing the current data with the pluralityof ionization smoke signatures to determine if the current data matchesany of the plurality of ionization smoke signatures, and initiating analarm sequence based at least in part on a determination as to whetherthe current data matches an ionization smoke signature related to afire-indicative particulate of the plurality of particulates.

In another embodiment an improved smoke detection enclosure for recessedinstallment is disclosed herein. A smoke detector for recessedinstallment can comprise a housing, a printed circuit board (PCB), abottom cover, and a plurality of clips. The housing can be capable ofbeing installed within a surface. The printed circuit board (PCB) cancomprise one or more smoke detection systems. The PCB can be mountedwithin the housing such that upon installation into a surface, the PCBis approximately at the surface. The bottom cover can extend beyondedges of the housing to form a surface lip. The surface lip can becapable of interacting with a first side of the surface. The bottomcover can comprise one or more air vents, each of the one or more airvents can be placed directly underneath of each of the one or more smokedetection systems. The plurality of clips, each of the pair of clips atthe opposite side of the housing. The clips capable of interacting witha second side of the surface such that together with the surface lip,the plurality of clips can mount the housing within the surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a wide-area network (WAN) comprising a server, amobile device, and a local area network, the local area networkcomprising smart devices connected by WIFI.

FIG. 2 illustrates a local-area network (LAN) comprising smart devicesconnected to the LAN via WIFI using a meshed network connection method.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of an emergency response server.

FIG. 4 illustrates a hardware configuration of a smoke detector with aphotoelectric sensor for detecting smoke.

FIG. 5 illustrates a hardware configuration of a smoke detector with aphotoelectric sensor and an ionization sensor for detecting smoke.

FIG. 6 illustrates a smoke detector memory.

FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary method of transmitting a smoke alarmdata detected by a smoke detector.

FIG. 7B illustrates another exemplary method of transmitting smoke alarmdata received from a second smoke detector.

FIG. 7C illustrates another exemplary method of transmitting smoke alarmdata by a smoke detector and sending smoke alarm data to an emergencypersonnel router.

FIG. 8A illustrates photoelectric sensor comprising a single lightsource.

FIG. 8B illustrates photoelectric sensor comprising two light sources.

FIG. 9A illustrates high frequency light data and low-frequency lightdata being compared with a high-frequency light smoke signature and alow-frequency light smoke signature, in a scenario in which polyester isburning.

FIG. 9B illustrates-high frequency light data and low-frequency lightdata being compared with a high-frequency light smoke signature and alow-frequency light smoke signature, in a scenario in which a hamburgeris burning on the stove.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary method for detecting smoke using aphotoelectric sensor.

FIG. 11A illustrates an ionization sensor with no particulates in anionization chamber.

FIG. 11B illustrates an ionization sensor with particulates enterionization chamber.

FIG. 11C illustrates current data being compared with ionization smokesignature, in a scenario in which a sofa cushion is burning.

FIG. 11D illustrates current data being compared with ionization smokesignature, in a scenario in which a hamburger is burning.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary method for detecting smoke using anionization sensor.

FIG. 13 illustrates a housing for a smoke detector, the housing capableof recessed installation.

FIG. 14 illustrates a mobile device operable to interact with a smartdevice over a network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein is a system and method for . . . . The followingdescription is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to makeand use the invention as claimed and is provided in the context of theparticular examples discussed below, variations of which will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art. In the interest of clarity, notall features of an actual implementation are described in thisspecification. It will be appreciated that in the development of anysuch actual implementation (as in any development project), designdecisions must be made to achieve the designers' specific goals (e.g.,compliance with system- and business-related constraints), and thatthese goals will vary from one implementation to another. It will alsobe appreciated that such development effort might be complex andtime-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking forthose of ordinary skill in the field of the appropriate art having thebenefit of this disclosure. Accordingly, the claims appended hereto arenot intended to be limited by the disclosed embodiments, but are to beaccorded their widest scope consistent with the principles and featuresdisclosed herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates a home monitoring server 101, one or more emergencyresponse servers 102, one or more mobile devices 103, and a local areanetwork (LAN) 104 in communication over network 105. Home monitoringserver 101 and emergency response servers 102 can each represent atleast one, but can be many servers, each connected to network 105capable of performing computational task, and storing data information.Home monitoring server 101 can be connected to one or more homemonitoring databases 106.

Emergency response servers 102 can be connected to one or more emergencyresponse databases 107. Emergency response databases can store files,and record information from different authoritative databases that caninclude but is not limited to fire department, police department, 9-1-1,emergency dispatch department, etc. Mobile devices 103 can be desktopcomputers, laptops, tablets, or smartphones capable of receiving,storing and sending out data information through WAN 105.

LAN 104 can be a computer network that links electronic devices such ascomputers, mobile devices 103, or other smart devices within a smalldefined area such as a building or set of buildings. Network 105 can bea local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a piconet, or acombination of LANs, WANs, or piconets. One illustrative WAN is theInternet. In a preferred embodiment, network 105 can comprise theInternet. In one embodiment, WAN 105 can be WIFI.

FIG. 2 illustrates a local-area network (LAN) 104 comprising a pluralityof smoke detectors 200 connected to LAN 104 via WIFI connection 201using a meshed network connection method. Within the context of thisdisclosure, smoke detectors 200 can be smart devices and are capable ofcommunicating with each other through LAN 104. In such embodiment, smokedetectors 200 can do edge computing through software defined local areanetwork (SD-LAN). For purposes of this disclosure, meshed networkconnection method is a local network topology that can allow a pluralityof wireless mesh nodes to communicate to each other to share the networkconnection across a particular area. In this embodiment, each smokedetector 200 can function as wireless mesh nodes. As such, each smokedetector 200 can comprise radio transmitters capable of communicatingwith other smoke detectors 200 through WIFI connection 201. In suchembodiment, smoke detectors 200 can provide mesh network in an entirehouse or vicinity. As such, smoke detectors 200 can provide WIFIconnection 201 to mobile devices 103 to the entire vicinity.

In this embodiment, LAN 104 can connect directly to network 105. LAN 104typically comprises a router 202. Router 202 can comprise a modem, andcan link network 105 with LAN 104. In one embodiment, at least one ofsmoke detectors 200 near the router can connect to LAN 104, while othersmoke detectors 200 can be connected wirelessly to the nearest smokedetector 200. In such embodiment, each smoke detector 200 can be a partof single wireless network and can share the same SSID and password.Unlike range extenders, which communicate with the router via the 2.4GHz or 5 GHz radio bands, most Wi-Fi system satellites use meshtechnology to talk to the router and to each other. Each smoke detector200 can serve as a hop point for other nodes, such as other smokedetectors 200, in the system. This can help smoke detectors 200 farthestfrom router 202 maintain communication, not relying on one-on-onecommunication with router 202, while also extending WIFI connection 201coverage. As such, the more nodes, the further the connection can beprovided. This creates a wireless “cloud of connectivity” which canserve large vicinities. In one embodiment, smoke detectors 200 canconnect with a wireless emergency personnel router 203, as discussedfurther below. In one embodiment, wireless emergency personnel routercan be mounted to a vehicle such as a fire truck, police car, orambulance.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of emergency response server 102according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Emergency responseserver 102 can comprise a server processor 301, and a server memory 302and a first local interface 303. Local interface 303 can be a programthat controls a display for the user, which can allow user to viewand/or interact with server 102. Server processor 301 can be aprocessing unit that performs a set of instructions stored within servermemory 302. Server memory 302 can comprise a smoke detector application304, and a data store 305. In one embodiment, smoke detector application304 can be a home monitoring service that can provide protection to thehomeowners and their home. Smoke detector application 304 can comprisebusiness logic for server 102. In this embodiment, smoke detectorapplication 304 can contain HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), PHP,scripts, and/or applications. Data store 305 can be collections of dataaccessible through smoke detector application 304. Further, smokedetector application 304 can perform functions such as adding,transferring and retrieving information on data store 305 using localinterface 303.

Emergency response server 102 includes at least one processor circuit,for example, having server processor 301 and server memory 302, both ofwhich are coupled to local interface 303. To this end, emergencyresponse server 102 can comprise, for example, at least one server,computer or like device. Local interface 303 can comprise, for example,a data bus with an accompanying address/control bus or other busstructure as can be appreciated.

In particular, stored in the server memory 302 and executable by serverprocessor 301 are smoke detector application 304, and potentially otherapplications. Also stored in server memory 302 can be server data store305 and other data. In addition, an operating system can be stored inserver memory 302 and executable by server processor 301.

It is understood that there can be other applications that are stored inserver memory 302 and are executable by server processor 301 as can beappreciated. Where any component discussed herein is implemented in theform of software, any one of a number of programming languages can beemployed such as, for example, C, C++, C#, Objective C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby, Delphi, Flash, or otherprogramming languages.

A number of software components can be stored in server memory 302 andcan be executable by server processor 301. In this respect, the term“executable” means a program file that is in a form that can ultimatelybe run by server processor 301. Examples of executable programs can be,for example, a compiled program that can be translated into machine codein a format that can be loaded into a random access portion of servermemory 302 and run by server processor 301, source code that can beexpressed in proper format such as object code that is capable of beingloaded into a random access portion of server memory 302 and executed byserver processor 301, or source code that can be interpreted by anotherexecutable program to generate instructions in a random access portionof server memory 302 to be executed by server processor 301, etc. Anexecutable program can be stored in any portion or component of servermemory 302 including, for example, random access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), hard drive, solid-state drive, USB flash drive, memorycard, optical disc such as compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc(DVD), magnetic tape, network attached/addressable storage or othermemory components.

FIG. 4 illustrates a hardware configuration of smoke detector 200 with aphotoelectric sensor 400 for detecting smoke. In one embodiment, smokedetector 200 can use a smoke detection system such as a photoelectricsmoke detector to detect smoke. In this embodiment, smoke detector 200can comprise a casing that houses photoelectric sensor 400. In apreferred embodiment, casing can be hermetically sealed. In suchembodiment, smoke detector 200 can comprise a light source 401, a lightreceiver 402, a first analog front-end amplifier 403, an analog todigital converter (ADC) 404, and a digital communications block 405. Forpurposes of this disclosure, smoke detector 200 with photoelectricsensor 400 can use a beam of light to detect presence of smoke within avicinity. As such, a T-shaped chamber with a light-emitting diode canproduce a light beam that can travel unblocked from one end to the otherend of a chamber. Photodiode 401 can be mounted within the chamber insuch a way that the light beam does not hit photodiode 401. In oneembodiment, photodiode 401 can be placed slightly away from the lightbeam. Thus, when smoke is present in the vicinity and enters the chamberof photoelectric sensor 400, the smoke particles that enters the chambercan disrupt the straight light causing the straight light to scatter.Some of the scattered light can then hit photodiode 401. Photodiode 401can convert the light that hit the photodiode into an electrical signaland send it to first analog front end amplifier 403. First analogfront-end amplifier 403 can be a set of analog signal conditioningcircuitry that uses sensitive analog amplifiers for sensors to providethe best signal to ADC 404, or to a microcontroller. The electricalsignal from photodiode 401 can then be amplified and/or conditioned byfirst analog front-end amplifier 403 and then be sent to ADC 404. ADC404 can then take the analog signal from first analog front-endamplifier 403 and digitize the signal into a binary format readable bydigital communications block 405. In this embodiment, photoelectricsensor 401 can be capable of performing digitization internally.

Further in one embodiment, smoke detector 200 can further comprise amicroprocessor 406, a smoke detector memory 407, an audio speaker 408,and a camera 409. In such embodiment, after the signal from ADC 404 isdigitized, digital communications block 405 can then allow the digitaltransmission of digital signal from ADC 404 to microprocessor 406. Inone embodiment, microprocessor 405 can be two processors. In suchembodiment microprocessor 406 can comprise a network transport processor411 and a smoke alarm processor 412. Network transport processor 411 canhandle network processes while smoke alarm processor 412 can handleon-board processes. Further, microprocessor 406 can receive the signaland can perform set of instructions according to the algorithms, andparameters within smoke detector memory 407. Thus in an embodimentwherein smoke can be detected by smoke detector 200, microprocessor 406can send a signal to audio speaker 408 to initiate a smoke alarmsequence. In one embodiment, once the smoke alarm sequence is initiatedmicroprocessor 406 can send a signal to trigger audio speaker 408 orother noise device sound the alarm. In another embodiment,microprocessor 406 can send signal to camera 408. As such, camera 408can start gathering data images of the area and sends the data image tomicroprocessor 406. Then data images can be stored in smoke detectormemory 407. Further in another embodiment, at a first detection of smokeon one of smoke detectors 200, mobile devices 103 can be notified.Furthermore, microprocessor 406 can send instructions to other smokedetectors 200 through network transport processor 411.

For purposes of this disclosure, initiating an alarm sequence cancomprise of sounding an audible alarm through audio speaker 408, in oneembodiment. In another embodiment, alarm sequence can comprise turningcamera 409 on. In such embodiment, camera 409 can begin capturing imagesand/or videos. Further in another embodiment, alarm sequence cancomprise of sending data over network 105 to a server.

FIG. 5 illustrates a hardware configuration of smoke detector 200 withphotoelectric sensor 400 and an ionization sensor 500 for detectingsmoke. In one embodiment, smoke detector 200 can use one or more smokedetection system such as a photoelectric smoke detector and ionizationsmoke detector to detect smoke. In this embodiment, smoke detector 200can comprise photoelectric sensor 400, microprocessor 406, smokedetector memory 407, audio speaker 408, a camera 409, and ionizationsensor 500. Ionization sensor 500 can comprise an ionization chamber501, and a second analog frontend amplifier 502. In one embodiment,ionization chamber 501 can comprise a radioactive material such asamericium-241. In this embodiment, a small amount of americium-241 canbe placed within ionization chamber 501 and can be used to detect smoke.Ionization chamber 501 can house radioactive material between twoelectrically charge plates. The radioactive material can ionize the airwithin ionization chamber 501 and can cause the current to flow betweenthe plates. In the absence of smoke, a constant electric current canpass in between the plates and the amount of ions within the ionizationchamber 501 can be steady. When smoke enters ionization chamber 501, thesmoke can neutralize the charged particles therefore reducing the amountof ion within the chamber. This can then disrupt the electrical currentbetween the two plates and causes ionization sensor 500 to send a signalto second analog front end amplifier 502. The signal from second analogfront-end amplifier 502 can then be sent to microprocessor 406. Andmicroprocessor 406 can then use the signal to perform sets ofinstructions according to the algorithms, and parameters stored withinsmoke detector memory 407.

FIG. 6 illustrates a smoke detector memory 407 comprising smoke detectorapplication 304, a plurality of ionization smoke signatures 601, aplurality of light smoke signatures 602, and a plurality of thresholds603. Each of ionization smoke signatures 601 can relate to howionization chamber 501 interacts with one of the particulates. In oneembodiment, light smoke signatures 602 can comprise a plurality oflow-frequency light smoke signatures 604 and a plurality ofhigh-frequency light smoke signatures 605. Each of low-frequency smokesignature 604 can relate to how a low-frequency light interacts with oneof the particulates, and each of high-frequency light smoke signature605 can relate how a high-frequency light interacts with one of theparticulates. In one embodiment, thresholds 603 can comprise ionizationPTR threshold 606, a low-frequency light PTR threshold 607 and ahigh-frequency light PTR threshold 608.

FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary method of transmitting a smoke alarmdata 701 by smoke detector 200. Once smoke detectors 200 are installedand powered, smoke detector 200 can continuously scan for wiredconnectivity over Ethernet. Further, each smoke detector can beprogrammed with information about where it is located within a facility.For example, smoke detector 200 a can be programmed by a user to know itis in a first-floor master bedroom while smoke detector 200 b can beprogrammed to know it is in a kitchen. In one embodiment, smoke detector200 can connect wirelessly or by wired connection. In a scenario whereinwired connectivity is lost on a first smoke detector 200 a, first smokedetector 200 a can be capable of establishing a Wi-Fi connection byhopping to the nearest available mesh connection point such as nearestsmoke detector 200. In an embodiment wherein first smoke detector 200 ais using Power over Ethernet (PoE), wired connectivity and power supplycan be lost. In such embodiment, first smoke detector 200 a can alsocheck for power status. In the event that power is lost, first smokedetector 200 a can proceed in checking the battery charge status. Next,first smoke detector 200 a can send the first smoke detector's batterystatus and at the same time send the signal for the alarm for loss ofwired connectivity over the mesh network. Further, smoke detectors 200can continue to monitor the smoke through the smoke detection system. Atthe same time, smoke detectors 200 can seek to re-establish connectionto LAN 104. Each smoke detector 200, upon receiving a loss of powerinformation or battery status information from smoke detector 200 a canprioritize such information over other information being transferred onLAN, to better ensure safety of users of the system.

Once smoke detectors 200 establishes that there is indeed a fire withinthe vicinity, smoke detector 200 can send a notification to homenetworking server 101. In return, home monitoring server 101 can notifyand send information to emergency response server 102 to inform specificdepartments to respond to the fire. Each smoke detector 200, uponreceiving notification of smoke or fire from smoke detector 200 a canprioritize such information over other information being transferred onLAN 104, to better ensure safety of users of the system.

In one embodiment, a firetruck can be equipped with a wireless emergencypersonnel router 203 capable of establishing an emergency WIFIconnection 201 to devices inside the home. To accommodate such emergencyWIFI connection, fixed IP addresses can be reserved for and restrictedto emergency personnel. In such embodiment, if a house is on fire, therouter 202 may have already been destroyed, cutting off, orphaning smokedetectors 200. In such scenario, smoke detectors 200 could findfiretruck router and start relaying data to that. In one embodiment,smoke detectors 200 can be configured to connect to wireless emergencypersonnel router 203 immediately when wireless emergency personnelrouter 203 is discovered by smoke detector 200. In another embodimentsmoke detectors 200 can be configured to connect to wireless emergencypersonnel router 203 immediately when wireless emergency personnelrouter 203 is discovered by smoke detector 200 if and only if smokedetector 200 or any other smoke detector 200 connected to smoke detectorwithin a common mesh network is detecting smoke.

Once connected to wireless emergency personnel router 203, smokedetectors 200 can send smoke alarm data 701 to the router 203 of thefire truck. In one embodiment, smoke detection data can include alocation where smoke has been detected, a type of smoke detected (e.g.,smoke smoldering or fast burning), captured image and video files offires, and/or a floor plan that show the areas where smoke has beendetected. Such information can aid responders to strategically respondto the fire.

Further in one embodiment, each smoke detector 200 can comprise a singlemicroprocessor 406. In such embodiment, microprocessor 406 can compriseboth network transport processor 411 and smoke alarm processor 412. Thenetwork transport processor can allow microprocessor 406 to operate as anode while the smoke alarm processor 412 can allow microprocessor 406 toreceive smoke alarm data 701 from the smoke detection system. In anexample embodiment wherein fire is not yet apparent in an area, smokedetector 200 a can operate as a node in a mesh network by receiving andsending network data 702 across LAN 104. And in an event wherein firestarts to develop within the area, microprocessor 406 can receive smokealarm data 701 from smoke detection system within smoke detector 200. Insuch event, smoke detector 200 a can interrupt sending network data 702across LAN 104 and starts sending the smoke alarm data 701 across LAN104. In one embodiment, smoke detector 200 a can send the smoke alarmdata to home monitoring server 101. In such embodiment, home monitoringserver 101 can send smoke alarm data 701 to emergency response servers102. In return, emergency response servers 102 can store smoke alarmdata 701 on server data storage 305 and notify specific departments torespond to the fire. In another embodiment, smoke detector 200 a cansend the smoke alarm data directly to emergency response servers 102.Further in another embodiment, in a scenario wherein smoke detector 200a can find wireless emergency personnel router 203 nearby, smokedetector 200 a can start establishing WIFI connection 201 with wirelessemergency personnel router 203 and start sending the smoke alarm data tothe wireless emergency personnel router. Furthermore, once smoke alarmdata 701 can be completely sent, smoke detector 200 a can resume sendingand receiving network data 702 to other smoke detectors 200 in meshnetwork.

FIG. 7B illustrates another exemplary method of transmitting smoke alarmdata 701 received from a second smoke detector. In one embodiment, smokedetector 200 can comprise a plurality of microprocessor 406. In suchembodiment, smoke detector 200 can comprise a processor dedicated fornetwork transport and a processor dedicated for smoke detection. In thisembodiment, smoke detector 200 can be capable of operating as a node andwhile operating as a node, can operate as smoke detection system. In oneembodiment, smoke detector 200 a can operate as a node in mesh networkof LAN 104. As such, smoke detector 200 a can receive network data 702and send network data 702 across LAN 104. And in a scenario wherein asecond smoke detector 200 b can start detecting a smoke within thesecond smoke detector's area, second smoke detector 200 b can startsending smoke alarm data 701 over mesh network. In one embodiment, smokealarm data 701 can comprise a map related to the location of secondsmoke detector 200 b. In another embodiment, smoke alarm data 701 cancomprise images captured by camera 409 on second smoke detector 200 b.In such embodiment, upon detecting smoke within the second smokedetector's area, microprocessor 406 on second smoke detector 200 b cansend a signal to camera 409 turning the camera on. As such, camera 409on smoke detector 200 a can start capturing images and/or videos of thearea. Further in another embodiment, smoke alarm data 701 from secondsmoke detector 200 b can comprise a fire type. In this embodiment, smokedetection system of smoke detectors 200 can be capable of identifying ifsmoke detected from an area can be from smoldering fire, or fast burningfire. Further in a scenario wherein wired connection can still beavailable, second smoke detector 200 b can send smoke alarm data 701through wired connection. In another scenario wherein wired connectioncan be lost, second smoke detector 200 b can start establishing WIFIconnection 201 to the nearest smoke detector 200 and then send smokealarm data 701 across LAN 104.

In such scenario, smoke detector 200 a while still operating as node,can start receiving smoke alarm data 701 from second smoke detector 200b and can receive other data within network data 702. Upon receivingalarm data from second smoke detector 200 b, smoke detector 200 a cansend a signal to audio speaker 408. In return, audio speaker 408 caninitiate sounding an audible alarm. Simultaneously, upon receiving smokealarm data 701 from second smoke detector 200 b, smoke detector 200 acan halt sending other data and then start sending the smoke alarm data701 across LAN 104. Furthermore, once smoke alarm data 701 can becompletely sent, smoke detector 200 a can resume sending and receivingnetwork data 702 to other smoke detectors 200 in mesh network.

FIG. 7C illustrates another exemplary method of transmitting smoke alarmdata by a smoke detector and sending smoke alarm data to an emergencypersonnel router 203. In one embodiment, when fire starts to develop inan area wherein smoke detector 200 a can be located, smoke detector 200a can be capable of receiving smoke alarm data 701 through the smokedetection system of smoke detector 200 a. Microprocessor 406 can alsodetect wireless emergency personnel router 203 that can be nearby. Oncedetected, microprocessor 406 can connect to wireless emergency personnelrouter using a connection protocol, and then send smoke alarm data 701via emergency personnel router 203. In another embodiment, a fire cancome from a different area and can be detected by a second smokedetector 200 b. In this embodiment, upon the detection of smoke bysecond smoke detector 200 b, second smoke detector 200 b can beginsending smoke alarm data 701 across LAN 104. In such embodiment, smokedetector 200 a can first connect to LAN 104 to receive smoke alarm data701 from second smoke detector 200 b. In an embodiment wherein wiredconnection can still be working, smoke detector 200 a can receive smokealarm data 701 through a wired connectivity. In another embodimentwherein wired connection can be lost due to fire, smoke detector 200 acan receive smoke alarm data 701 through the mesh network. In oneembodiment, upon receiving smoke alarm data 701 by smoke detector 200 a,microprocessor 406 can disconnect from LAN 104. In one embodiment, theconnection protocol can comprise one or more IP addresses from wirelessemergency personnel router 203. In such embodiment, smoke detector 200 acan detect one of the one or more IP addresses from a signal fromwireless emergency personnel router 203. Then smoke detector 200 a canconnect to one of the one or more IP addresses. In another embodiment,the connection protocol can comprise a range of IP addresses. In suchembodiment, smoke detector 200 a can detect an IP address from a signalfrom wireless emergency personnel router 203 and then connect to the IPaddress. The signal can comprise an IP address within the range of IPaddresses. Further in another embodiment, the connection protocol cancomprise an SSID. In such embodiment, smoke detector 200 a can detectSSID broadcast in a signal by wireless emergency personnel router 203and then connect to SSID broadcast by the wireless emergency personnelrouter 203.

FIG. 8A illustrates photoelectric sensor comprising a single lightsource 401. In one embodiment, photoelectric sensor 400 can comprise asingle light source 401, a light receiver 402, a light catcher 801, anda photoelectric sensor chamber (PES) chamber 802. In a preferredembodiment, light source 401 emits a high-frequency wavelength such asblue or higher. When no particulates are within a photoelectric sensor(PES) chamber 802, a first light signal 803 a travels from light source401 to light catcher 801 without refraction. As such, light receiver 402senses little or none of first light signal 803 a. As particulates 804enter PES chamber 802, the particulates can cause first light signal 803a to refract, and light receiver 402 begins to receive a portion offirst light signal 803 a. The more smoke enters PES chamber 802 the morelight first light signal 803 a is refracted toward light receiver 402.Light receiver 402 can transmit light data to microprocessor 406. Lightdata can be analyzed by microcontroller, as discussed further below.

FIG. 8B illustrates photoelectric sensor comprising two light sources401. In one embodiment, photoelectric sensor 400 can comprise alow-frequency light source 401 a, a high-frequency light source 401 b,one or more light catchers 801, and a light receiver 402, and a PESchamber 802. For purposes of this disclosure light receiver 402 cancomprise of multiple receivers, each configured to receive a particularwavelength. For example, light receiver 401 b can comprise ahigh-frequency light receiver and a low-frequency light receiver. In apreferred embodiment, high-frequency light source 401 b emits ahigh-frequency light signal such as blue or higher while low-frequencylight source 401 a emits low-frequency light such as red or infrared.When no particulates are within a photoelectric sensor (PES) chamber802, a first light signal 803 a travels from light source 401 to lightcatcher 801 a without refraction. Similarly, second light signal 803 btravels from light source 401 to light catcher 801 b without refractionAs such, light receiver 401 senses little or none of first light signal803 a. As particulates 804 enter PES chamber 802, the particulates firstlight signal 803 a and second light signal 803 b begin to refract, andlight receiver 402 begins to receive a portion of first light signal 803a and 803 b. The more smoke enters PES chamber 802 the more light firstlight signal 803 a is refracted toward light receiver 402, however,depending on the size of particulates, first light signal 803 a andsecond light signal 803 b can refract more or less depending on eachfrequency. Light receiver 402 can transmit light data to microprocessor406.

FIG. 9A illustrates high frequency light data and low-frequency lightdata being compared with a high-frequency light smoke signature 605 anda low-frequency light smoke signature 604, in a scenario in whichpolyester is burning. Light data 901 can comprise high-frequency lightdata and low-frequency light data. Such data can be analyzed bymicrocontroller 405. Further, when light hits a particle near the sizeor smaller than its wavelength, it tends to refract less. As such, lowfrequency light 401 a may refract less than high frequency light 401 bif particles are sufficiently small. High frequency light data and lowfrequency light data are compiled by taking readings over time of thehigh frequency light 401 b and low frequency light 401 a, each timedetermining a power transfer ratio (PTR). High frequency smokesignatures can, in one embodiment, be compiled high-frequency PTR data.Similarly, low frequency smoke signatures can, in one embodiment, becompiled low-frequency data. By comparing high and low frequency lightdata to a plurality of high and low light smoke signatures respectively,a size of particulates can be inferred which can be indicative of thetype of particle. For example, such analysis could be used todistinguish between smoke and dust, thereby preventing a false-positivealarm.

In one embodiment, analysis can determine whether high-frequency lightPTR data has exceeded a high-frequency PTR threshold 608. Similarly,analysis can determine whether low-frequency light PTR data has exceededa low-frequency PTR threshold 607. Furthermore, in one embodiment, ananalysis to determine whether an alarm sequence should be run can bedetermined by looking to both low-frequency light data andhigh-frequency light data.

In another embodiment, microprocessor can analyze high-frequency lightdata and/or low-frequency light data to see the rate in which PTR datachanges. For example, in the case of a burning sofa cushion in FIG. 9A,there is a rapid rate of change.

FIG. 9B illustrates high frequency light data and low-frequency lightdata being compared with a high-frequency light smoke signature and alow-frequency light smoke signature, in a scenario in which a hamburgeris burning on the stove. By comparison, the hamburger, an organicmaterial burns much slower. Microprocessor 405, when receiving lightdata as shown in FIG. 9B, can compare the light data to smoke profiles,and recognize such data fits the curve of burning organic material. Inthis case, an alarm will not initiated since such curve and its relatedparticulates are not indicative of a fire.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary method for detecting smoke using aphotoelectric sensor. Firstly, low-frequency light smoke signatures 604and high-frequency light smoke signatures 605 can be stored in smokedetector memory 407. Each of the low-frequency smoke signatures 604relates to how a low-frequency light interacts with one of a pluralityof particulates 804, and each of high-frequency smoke signatures 605relates to how a high-frequency light interacts with one of a pluralityof particulates 804. Each of particulates 804 can be indicative ornon-indicative of a fire.

Further, photoelectric sensor 400 can detect a change in light intensityof light source 401. As particulates 804 enters PES chamber 802,photoelectric sensor 400 can detect particulates presence and transmitsa signal to light receiver 402. Light receiver 402 can send light data901 to microprocessor 406 to be analyzed. Upon receiving light data 901,microprocessor 406 can extract a low-frequency light data 1001 and ahigh-frequency light data 1002 from light data 901. Then, microprocessor406 can compare low-frequency light data 1001 with low-frequency lightsmoke signatures 604 to determine if low-frequency light data 1001matches any of low-frequency light smoke signatures 604. Furthermore,microprocessor can also compare high-frequency light data 1002 withhigh-frequency light smoke signatures 605 to determine if high-frequencylight data 1002 matches any of high-frequency light smoke signatures605. Then, microprocessor 406 can initiate an alarm sequence iflow-frequency light data 1001 matches low-frequency light smokesignature 604 related to a fire-indicative particulate, and ifhigh-frequency light data 1002 matches high-frequency light smokesignature 605 related to fire-indicative particulate. In one embodiment,each of low-frequency smoke light signatures 604 can compriselow-frequency power-transfer-ratio (PTR) data, and each ofhigh-frequency smoke light signatures 605 comprises storedhigh-frequency PTR data. In such embodiment, comparing low-frequencylight data 1001 to the low-frequency smoke signatures 604 can comprisecurve matching low-frequency light data 1001 to stored low-frequency PTRdata. Further in such embodiment, comparing high-frequency light data1002 to high-frequency smoke signatures 605 can comprise curve matchinghigh-frequency light data 1002 to stored high-frequency PTR data. In oneembodiment, comparing low-frequency light data 1001 to low-frequencysmoke light signatures 604 can comprise determining whether thelow-frequency light data 1001 reaches a predetermined PTR threshold. Inanother embodiment, comparing the high-frequency light data 1002 tohigh-frequency smoke signatures 605 can comprise determining whetherhigh-frequency light data 1002 reaches a predetermined PTR threshold.

FIG. 11A illustrates ionization sensor 500 with no particulates 804 inan ionization chamber 501. In one embodiment, ionization sensor 500 cancomprise a radioactive element, a circuit 1101 and ionization chamber501. When no particulates 804 are within ionization chamber 501, acurrent will flow through circuit 1101 and such circuit will sendcurrent data to microprocessor 406.

FIG. 11B illustrates ionization sensor 500 with particulates enterionization chamber. As particulates 804 enter ionization chamber 501,current flowing through circuit 1101 decreases, current data reflectingsuch change. Current data can be analyzed by microprocessor 406, asdiscussed further below to determine whether particulates are indicativeof a fire.

FIG. 11C illustrates current data 1102 being compared with ionizationsmoke signature, in a scenario in which polyester is burning. As shownon the graph, as particulates 804 fill ionization chamber 501, theyquickly cut off current flow in the circuit causing a drop in current incurrent data 1102. Curve comparison as shown in FIG. 11C can beaccomplished using numerical methods known in the art to determine ifcurrent data 1102 matches any ionization smoke signature stored inmemory 407, such as the ionization smoke signature 601 shown in FIG.11C.

In one embodiment, analysis can determine whether ionization currentdata 1102 has dropped below an ionization current threshold 606. If so,and alarm sequence can be initiated. In another embodiment,microprocessor 406 can analyze ionization current data to see the ratein which ionization current data 1102 changes. For example, in the caseof a burning sofa cushion in FIG. 11C, there is a rapid drop in current.

FIG. 11D illustrates ionization current data being compared withionization smoke signature 601, in a scenario in which a hamburger isburning on the stove. By comparison, the hamburger, an organic materialburns much slower than a couch cushion. Microprocessor 406, whenreceiving ionization current data as shown in FIG. 11D, can compare theionization current data to ionization smoke profiles, and recognize suchdata fits the curve of burning organic material. In this case, an alarmwill not be initiated since such curve and its related particulates arenot indicative of a fire.

In another embodiment, microprocessor 406 can consider ionizationcurrent data along with light data from photoelectric sensor 400. In oneembodiment, light data can be related to a single light source 401. Inanother embodiment, light data can be related to two light sources, ahigh frequency light 401 b and a low frequency light 401 a.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary method for detecting smoke using anionization sensor 500. Initially, ionization smoke signatures 601 can bestored within smoke detector memory 406, wherein each of ionizationsmoke signatures 601 relates to how ionization chamber 501 interactswith one of particulates 804. When smoke detector 200 is in use,microprocessor 406 can receive current data 1102 from ionization sensor400. Microprocessor 406 can compare current data 1102 with ionizationsmoke signatures 601 to determine if current data 1102 received matchesany of ionization smoke signatures 601. Then, microprocessor 406 caninitiate an alarm sequence based at least in part on a determination asto whether current data 1102 received matches an ionization smokesignature 601 related to a fire-indicative particulate of particulates804. In one embodiment, microprocessor 406 can store a plurality offirst light smoke signatures within smoke detector memory 407, receivefirst light data compare first light data with first light smokesignatures to determine if first light data matches any of first smokesignatures. Then, microprocessor 406 can initiate the alarm sequencefurther based at least in part on an additional determination as towhether first light data matches first light smoke signatures related tofire indicative particulate. In such embodiment, microprocessor 406 canstore in smoke detector memory 407 a plurality of second light smokesignatures, wherein each of second light smoke signatures relates to howa second light signal from a second light source interacts with one ofparticulates 804. Moreover, microprocessor 406 can receive second lightdata, compare second light data with second light smoke signatures todetermine if second light data matches any of second smoke signatures,and initiate the alarm sequence further based at least in part on asecond additional determination as to whether second light data matchesa second light smoke signatures related to second indicativeparticulate.

In an embodiment, wherein first light source is a low-frequency lightsource and second light source is a high-frequency light source, each ofthe first light smoke signatures can comprise stored first lightpower-transfer-ratio (PTR) data, and each of second light smokesignatures can comprise stored second light PTR data. In an embodimentwherein low-frequency light can be red, comparing first light data tofirst light smoke signatures can comprise curve matching first lightdata to stored first light PTR data. In another embodiment, whereinlow-frequency light can be red, comparing second light data to secondlight smoke signatures can comprise curve matching second light data tostored second light PTR data. In an embodiment, wherein first lightsource is a low-frequency light source and second light source is ahigh-frequency light source, comparing first light data to first lightsmoke signatures can comprise determining whether first light datareaches a first light predetermined PTR threshold.

In one embodiment, comparing second light data to the smoke signaturescan comprise determining whether the second light data reaches a firstlight predetermined PTR threshold. In an embodiment, wherein first lightsource is a low-frequency light source and second light source is ahigh-frequency light source, each of the first light smoke signaturescan comprise stored ionization power-transfer-ratio (PTR) data. In suchembodiment, comparing ionization data to ionization smoke signatures cancomprise curve matching ionization data to stored ionization PTR data.

FIG. 13 illustrate a housing 1300 for a smoke detector 200. In oneembodiment, housing 1300 can be capable of recessed installation. In oneembodiment, the smoke detector for recessed installment can comprisehousing 1300, a printed circuit board (PCB) 1302, a bottom cover 1303,and a plurality of clips 1304. In one embodiment, housing 1300 can beinstalled within a surface 1301. As such, the top portion of housing1300 can be embedded within surface 1301 and out of sight while bottomcover 1303 can be accessible to the outer environment. In oneembodiment, surface 1301 can be a drywall. In another embodiment,surface 1301 can be plywood. In one embodiment, housing 1300 can have aquadrilateral shape. In one embodiment, PCB 1302 can comprise one ormore smoke detection systems. In an embodiment wherein PCB 1302 cancomprise smoke detection system, photoelectric sensor 400 can placed offto the side of PCB 1302. In an embodiment wherein PCB 1302 can comprisesmoke detection systems, photoelectric sensor 400 can be placed off tothe side of PCB 1302 while ionization sensor 500 can be placed off tothe opposite side of PCB 1302. In one embodiment, PCB 1302 can bemounted within housing 1300 such that upon installation into surface1301, PCB 1302 is approximately at surface 1301. Further in oneembodiment, PCB 1302 can comprise a WIFI antenna 1305. In suchembodiment, WIFI antenna 1305 can be printed on PCB 1302. In oneembodiment, bottom cover 1303 can extend beyond edges of housing 1301 toform a surface lip 1306. Surface lip 1306 can be capable of interactingwith a first side of surface 1301. In one embodiment, bottom cover 1303can be substantially flush to surface 1301. Bottom cover 1303 cancomprise one or more air vents 1307. Each of air vents 1307 can beplaced directly underneath each of the smoke detection systems. Thus inan embodiment wherein PCB 1302 can comprise smoke detection systems,photoelectric sensor 400 can be on one side of PCB 1302, and directlyunderneath photoelectric sensor 400 can be a first air vent 1307 aplaced off to the side of bottom cover 1303, while ionization sensor 500can be on the other side of PCB 1302, and directly underneath ionizationsensor 500 can be a second air vent 1307 b placed off to the side ofbottom cover 1303. Such structure can allow air vents 1307 to receiveparticulates from the surroundings and allow particulates to enter smokedetector systems within housing 1300. In one embodiment, WIFI antenna1305 can be mounted on a side of bottom cover 1303 such that WIFIantenna 1305 can be below surface 1301. This can ensure that theline-of-sight radio transmissions of WIFI antenna 1305 are not blockedby drywall or ceiling studs. In one embodiment, PCB 1302 can comprisecamera 409. In one embodiment, camera 409 can be mounted on an outersurface of bottom cover 1303 to allow camera 409 a maximum field ofvision. In another embodiment, the smoke detector for recessedinstallment can further comprise a PoE connection 1308. In oneembodiment, PoE connection 1308 can be on a side of housing 1300. PoEcan be connectable to an Ethernet cable.

Further each pair of clips 1304 can be at the opposite side of housing1300. Clips 1304 can be capable of interacting with a second side ofsurface 1301 such that together with surface lip 1305, clips 1304 canmount housing 1300 within surface 1301. In one embodiment, clips 1304can comprise a spring that can allow clips 1304 be depressed or expandedat the sides of housing 1300. In such embodiment, when housing 1300 ispushed and embedded into surface 1301, clips 1304 can be depressedtowards the side of housing 1300 allowing housing 1300 to slide withinsurface 1301. Once clips 1304 can be above the second side of surface1301, the spring on clips 1304 can allow clips 1304 to expand outwardsthus, securing housing 1300 in place. Clips 1304 can ensure that smokedetector 200 can not only be stud or joist mounted but can also beinstalled after drywall is already in place.

FIG. 14 illustrates a mobile device interacting with smart devices overa network. In an event that there is fire in a location, smoke detectorapplication 304 can allow mobile devices 103 to display a floor plan1400 of the vicinity. In one embodiment, once smoke is detected, smokedetectors 200 can use camera 409 to continuously take images and/orvideos of the area wherein the smoke detectors are installed.Concurrently, images or videos taken can be sent by smoke detectors 200to home monitoring server 101 and/or emergency response servers 102.This can allow the servers to store the data in real-time and to ensuredata can be retrieve in case smoke detectors 200 get burned during thefire.

Further as an example embodiment, floor plan 1400 can have a pluralityof areas 1401. In this embodiment, first smoke detector 200 a can beinstalled on a first-floor master bedroom area 1401 a, second smokedetector 200 b can be installed on a kitchen area 1401 b, and thirdsmoke detector 200 c can be installed on a hallway area 1401 c. In oneembodiment, each smoke detector 200 can be associated with an areaprofile (stored within server data storage 305). In one embodiment, thearea profile can comprise of information entered by the user regardingthe details of an area, which can include type of flammable materialwithin the area, such as carpets and curtains, location of sprinklers,and the structural material used on the area such as wooden partition,wooden ceilings, etc. In another embodiment, the area profile cancomprise of information that can be captured during the actual firesituation using camera 409, and sensors on each smoke detector 200. Insuch embodiment, information can include living beings such as animalsor persons within the area, burning material within the area, and timethat area 1401 has detected smoke or caught fire. In one embodiment, byaccessing smoke detector application 304, users and responders can usemobile devices 103 to view and assess the fire situation within thevicinity. By looking at floor plan 1401 and seeing the span of time firewas detected in each area 1401, users can determine that the fire couldhave started on kitchen area 1401 b since the area can already bedetecting smoke for 22 minutes, then several minutes later fire couldhave spread through the wall of master bedroom area 1401 a as smokedetector 200 in that area can be detecting smoke for 5 minutes, and thenthe fire can probably develop on hallway area 1401 c around 2 minutesafter master bedroom area 1401 a can be caught on fire. Base from areaprofile captured through camera 409 and shown in floor plan 1400, it canbe determined how the fire can spread through the vicinity. Smokedetector 200 could have captured a picture of a burning wood withinkitchen area 1401 b then the fire could have spread through masterbedroom area 1401 a because of proximity. And since first smoke detector1401 a can be detecting “polyurethane” particles within the area foraround 5 minutes and since the wall of master bedroom 1401 a can be nearkitchen area 1401 b, it can indicate that the fire could have comethrough the wall that separates the area. Furthermore, the“polyurethane” detected by first smoke detector 1401 a in master bedroom1401 a can suggest that carpeting or bedding can be on fire. Since thirdsmoke detector 1401 c can also be detecting “polyurethane” from hallwayarea 1401 c it can also indicate that carpet on the hallway can be onfire. Base from floor plan 1400 shown in smoke detector application 304,users can plan an escape route while in the case of responders, theresponders can find the best way to access each area 1401.

In another embodiment, smoke detector 200 can be capable of detectingliving beings within the vicinity. In such embodiment, camera 409 can bean infrared or thermal camera that can be capable of detecting infraredenergy and converts it into an electronic signal. The electronic signalcan then be processed, which can produce thermal image. Such feature canallow smoke detector 200 to detect the presence of humans by detectingbody heat. In a preferred embodiment, smoke detector application 304 canprioritize showing critical items such as areas that can be occupied byliving beings and a burn time information for each area. In oneembodiment, smoke detector application 304 can show superimposedgraphics to show location of an occupant, and to show trouble spots (ordangerous and critical areas).

Server memory 302 and smoke detector memory 407 is defined herein asincluding both volatile and nonvolatile memory and data storagecomponents. Volatile components are those that do not retain data valuesupon loss of power. Nonvolatile components are those that retain dataupon a loss of power. Thus, server memory 302 and smoke detector memory407 can comprise, for example, random access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), hard disk drives, solid-state drives, USB flash drives,memory cards accessed via a memory card reader, floppy disks accessedvia an associated floppy disk drive, optical discs accessed via anoptical disc drive, magnetic tapes accessed via an appropriate tapedrive, and/or other memory components, or a combination of any two ormore of these memory components. In addition, the RAM can comprise, forexample, static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random accessmemory (DRAM), or magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and other suchdevices. The ROM can comprise, for example, a programmable read-onlymemory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), anelectrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or otherlike memory device.

Also, server processor 301 and microprocessor 406 can represent multipleserver processor 301 and microprocessor 406, while server memory 302 andsmoke detector memory 407 can represent multiple server memory 302 andsmoke detector memory 407 that operate in parallel processing circuits,respectively. In such a case, first local interface 303 can be anappropriate network, including network 105 that facilitatescommunication between any two of the multiple server processor 301 andmicroprocessor 406, between any server processors 301 andmicroprocessors 406 and any of the server memories 302 and smokedetector memories 407, or between any two of the server memories 302 andsmoke detector memories 407, etc. First local interface 303 can compriseadditional systems designed to coordinate this communication, including,for example, performing load balancing. Server processors 301 andmicroprocessors 406 can be of electrical or of some other availableconstruction.

Although smoke detector application 304, and other various systemsdescribed herein can be embodied in software or code executed by generalpurpose hardware as discussed above, as an alternative the same can alsobe embodied in dedicated hardware or a combination of software/generalpurpose hardware and dedicated hardware. If embodied in dedicatedhardware, each can be implemented as a circuit or state machine thatemploys any one of or a combination of a number of technologies. Thesetechnologies can include, but are not limited to, discrete logiccircuits having logic gates for implementing various logic functionsupon an application of one or more data signals, application specificintegrated circuits having appropriate logic gates, or other components,etc. Such technologies are generally well known by those skilled in theart and, consequently, are not described in detail herein.

The flowcharts of FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 7C, FIG. 9, and FIG. 12 showthe functionality and operation of an implementation of portions ofsmoke detector application 304. If embodied in software, each block canrepresent a module, segment, or portion of code that comprises programinstructions to implement the specified logical function(s). The programinstructions can be embodied in the form of source code that compriseshuman-readable statements written in a programming language or machinecode that comprises numerical instructions recognizable by a suitableexecution system such as smart box processors 201 and server processors301 in a computer system or other system. The machine code can beconverted from the source code, etc. If embodied in hardware, each blockcan represent a circuit or a number of interconnected circuits toimplement the specified logical function(s).

Although the flowcharts of FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 7C, FIG. 9, and FIG.12 show a specific order of execution, it is understood that the orderof execution can differ from that which is depicted. For example, theorder of execution of two or more blocks can be scrambled relative tothe order shown. Also, two or more blocks shown in succession in FIG.7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 7C, FIG. 9, and FIG. 12 can be executed concurrentlyor with partial concurrence. In addition, any number of counters, statevariables, warning semaphores, or messages might be added to the logicalflow described herein, for purposes of enhanced utility, accounting,performance measurement, or providing troubleshooting aids, etc. It isunderstood that all such variations are within the scope of the presentdisclosure.

Also, any logic or application described herein, including smokedetector application 304, that comprises software or code can beembodied in any computer-readable storage medium for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system such as, for example,server processors 301 and microprocessors 406 in a computer system orother system. In this sense, the logic can comprise, for example,statements including instructions and declarations that can be fetchedfrom the computer-readable storage medium and executed by theinstruction execution system.

In the context of the present disclosure, a “computer-readable storagemedium” can be any medium that can contain, store, or maintain the logicor application described herein for use by or in connection with theinstruction execution system. The computer-readable storage medium cancomprise any one of many physical media such as, for example,electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, orsemiconductor media. More specific examples of a suitablecomputer-readable storage medium would include, but are not limited to,magnetic tapes, magnetic floppy diskettes, magnetic hard drives, memorycards, solid-state drives, USB flash drives, or optical discs. Also, thecomputer-readable storage medium can be a random access memory (RAM)including, for example, static random access memory (SRAM) and dynamicrandom access memory (DRAM), or magnetic random access memory (MRAM). Inaddition, the computer-readable storage medium can be a read-only memory(ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmableread-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmableread-only memory (EEPROM), or other type of memory device.

It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of thepresent disclosure are merely possible examples of implementations setforth for a clear understanding of the principles of the disclosure.Many variations and modifications can be made to the above-describedembodiment(s) without departing substantially from the spirit andprinciples of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations areintended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure andprotected by the following claims.

Various changes in the details of the illustrated operational methodsare possible without departing from the scope of the following claims.Some embodiments may combine the activities described herein as beingseparate steps. Similarly, one or more of the described steps may beomitted, depending upon the specific operational environment the methodis being implemented in. It is to be understood that the abovedescription is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Forexample, the above-described embodiments may be used in combination witheach other. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill inthe art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the inventionshould, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims,along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims areentitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which”are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms“comprising” and “wherein.”

What is claimed is:
 1. A smoke detector comprising: a photoelectricsensor comprising: a low-frequency light source, a high-frequency lightsource, and a light sensor; a smoke detector memory comprising: a smokedetector application, a plurality of low-frequency smoke signatures,wherein each of said low-frequency smoke signatures relates to how alow-frequency light interacts with one of a plurality of particulates, aplurality of high-frequency smoke signatures, wherein each of saidhigh-frequency smoke signatures relates to how a high-frequency lightinteracts with one of a said plurality of particulates, each of saidparticulates indicative or non-indicative of a fire; a microprocessorthat, according to instructions from said smoke detector application:receives light data from said light sensor, extracts low-frequency lightdata and high-frequency light data from said light data, compares saidlow-frequency light data to said plurality of low-frequency smokesignatures to determine if said low-frequency light data matches any ofsaid plurality of low-frequency smoke signatures, compares saidhigh-frequency light data to said plurality of high-frequency smokesignatures to determine if said high-frequency light data matches any ofsaid plurality of high-frequency smoke signatures; and initiates analarm sequence if said low-frequency light data matches a low-frequencysmoke signature related to a fire-indicative particulate of saidplurality of particulates, and said high-frequency light data matches ahigh-frequency smoke signature related to said fire-indicativeparticulate; wherein each of said low-frequency smoke signaturescomprises stored low-frequency power-transfer-ratio (PTR) data, and eachof said high-frequency smoke signatures comprises stored high-frequencyPTR data.
 2. The smoke detector of claim 1 wherein said low-frequencylight is red light.
 3. The smoke detector of claim 1 wherein saidlow-frequency light is infrared light.
 4. The smoke detector of claim 1wherein said high-frequency light is blue light.
 5. The smoke detectorof claim 1 wherein comparing said low-frequency light data to saidlow-frequency smoke signatures comprises curve matching saidlow-frequency light data to said stored low-frequency PTR data.
 6. Thesmoke detector of claim 1 wherein comparing said high-frequency lightdata to said high-frequency smoke signatures comprises curve matchingsaid high-frequency light data to said stored high-frequency PTR data.7. The smoke detector of claim 1 wherein comparing said low-frequencylight data to said low-frequency smoke signatures comprises determiningwhether said low-frequency light data reaches a predetermined PTRthreshold.
 8. The smoke detector of claim 1 wherein comparing saidhigh-frequency light data to said high-frequency smoke signaturescomprises determining whether said high-frequency light data reaches apredetermined PTR threshold.
 9. The smoke detector of claim 1 whereinsaid alarm sequence comprises sounding an audible alarm.
 10. The smokedetector of claim 1 wherein said alarm sequence comprises turning on acamera.
 11. The smoke detector of claim 1 wherein said alarm sequencecomprises sending smoke detector data over a network to a server. 12.The smoke detector of claim 11 wherein said smoke detector datacomprises said light data.
 13. The smoke detector of claim 11 whereinsaid smoke detector data comprises a cause of said fire based on saidlight data.
 14. A method for detecting smoke using a photoelectricsensor comprising: storing in memory: a plurality of low-frequency smokesignatures, wherein each of said low-frequency smoke signatures relatesto how a low-frequency light interacts with one of a plurality ofparticulates, and a plurality of high-frequency smoke signatures,wherein each of said high-frequency smoke signatures relates to how ahigh-frequency light interacts with one of said plurality ofparticulates, each of said particulates indicative or non-indicative ofa fire; receiving light data from a light sensor; extractinglow-frequency light data and high-frequency light data from said lightdata; comparing said low-frequency light data to said plurality oflow-frequency smoke signatures to determine if said low-frequency lightdata matches any of said plurality of low-frequency smoke signatures;comparing said high-frequency light data to said plurality ofhigh-frequency smoke signatures to determine if said high-frequencylight data matches any of said plurality of high-frequency smokesignatures; and initiating an alarm sequence if said low-frequency lightdata matches a low-frequency smoke signature related to afire-indicative particulate of said plurality of particulates, and saidhigh-frequency light data matches a high-frequency smoke signaturerelated to said fire-indicative particulate; wherein each of saidlow-frequency smoke signatures comprises stored low-frequencypower-transfer-ratio (PTR) data, and each of said high-frequency smokesignatures comprises stored high-frequency PTR data.
 15. The method ofclaim 14 wherein comparing said low-frequency light data to saidlow-frequency smoke signatures comprises curve matching saidlow-frequency light data to said stored low-frequency PTR data.
 16. Themethod of claim 15 wherein comparing said high-frequency light data tosaid high-frequency smoke signatures comprises curve matching saidhigh-frequency light data to said stored high-frequency PTR data. 17.The method of claim 14 wherein comparing said low-frequency light datato said low-frequency smoke signatures comprises determining whethersaid low-frequency light data reaches a predetermined PTR threshold. 18.The method of claim 14 wherein comparing said high-frequency light datato said high-frequency smoke signatures comprises determining whethersaid high-frequency light data reaches a predetermined PTR threshold.19. The method of claim 14 wherein said low-frequency light is redlight.
 20. The method of claim 14 wherein said low-frequency light isinfrared light.
 21. The method of claim 14 wherein said high-frequencylight is blue light.
 22. The method of claim 14 wherein said alarmsequence comprises sounding an audible alarm.
 23. The method of claim 14wherein said alarm sequence comprises turning on a camera.
 24. Themethod of claim 14 wherein said alarm sequence comprises sending smokedetector data over a network to a server.
 25. The method of claim 24wherein said smoke detector data comprises said light data.
 26. Themethod of claim 24 wherein said smoke detector data comprises a cause ofsaid fire based on said light data.